Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) is a significant concern in the global cattle industry, particularly affecting dairy and beef cattle. BLV leads to Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL), which can cause lymphosarcoma, reduced milk production, and premature culling, among other issues. Approximately 40% of dairy cows and 10% of beef cows are infected. The economic losses from BLV infections are profound, impacting the productivity and profitability of both the meat and dairy sectors.

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The US dairy industry losses due to reduced milk yield, premature culling, and lower sale prices for BLV-positive animals are estimated to exceed $525 million annually, totalling approximately $5.25 billion over the past decade. The beef sector experienced losses primarily due to culling and reduced productivity, estimated at $150 million annually, totalling $1.5 billion from 2014 to 2024.